The Talmud [[jref-en:Ketubot 106a|Ketubot 106a]] states that a standard copy of the Hebrew Bible was kept in the court of the Temple in Jerusalem for the benefit of copyists; there were paid correctors of Biblical books among the officers of the Temple. <ref>This copy is mentioned in the ''Aristeas Letter '' (§ 30; comp. Blau, Studien zum Althebr. Buchwesen, p. 100); in the statements of Philo (preamble to his "Analysis of the Political Constitution of the Jews") and in Josephus (Contra Ap. Apion i. 8).</ref>
The Talmud Yerushalmi [[jref-en:Ta'anit lxviii. 168a|Ta'anit 68a]], perhaps referring to an earlier time, says that while the Temple was still standing, standard codices of the Pentateuch were officially recognized. These were deposited in the court of the Temple and served as models for accuracy. According to the passage quoted, three were known by the following names respectively: ''Sefer Me'on,'' called on account of its reading instead of [[Deutonomy jref-en:Devarim 33#27|Deuteronomy 33:27]]; ''Sefer Za'aṭuṭe,'' because of its reading instead of [[jref-en:Shemos 24#5|Exodus 24#:5]]; and "''Sefer Hi," '' because of its reading with a ''yod'' in nine passages instead of eleven. The ''Masorites'', too, seem to have consulted standard manuscripts celebrated for their accuracy in the redaction of the text and in the compilation of the ''Masoretic'' glosses.
Though only It is a tenet of halachic Judaism that the Aleppo and Leningrad manuscripts have ''Tenach'' (Bible) has been preservedin its entirety from its original writing until today. Minor variations are mentioned in rabbinic literature, but Jewish law has not found these to imply any differences in meaning or in implication. (This fact has been reinforced by modern scholars who have analyzed the following Qumran fragments, see below, indicating that they confirm that the meaning and implication of the text has remained faithful to what we now call the Masoretic Text for more than two thousand years). The first nine manuscripts described below are referred to as authorities in almost every manuscript of importance:. The Aleppo and Leningrad manuscripts have been preserved until the present time.
==Codex Muggeh (ספר מוגה)==
i.e., the corrected Codex: Quoted by the Masorites either by its full title () ''Sefer Muggeh'' or simply as "''Muggeh" ()''.
==Codex Hilleli (ספר הללי)==
Two celebrated manuscripts believed to be very ancient are still extant in Syria. One of these, the Aleppo (Damascus) Codex, which, according to the inscription on its title-page (added, however, by a later hand), was written in the third century of the common era, belongs to a Jewish family of Damascus named Parḥi, and is exhibited to the inhabitants on feast-days. The other is kept in a grotto by the inhabitants of Jobar near Damascus.
The Aleppo Codex was at one time the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible,[1] <ref>There exist scrolls of individual books of the Tanakh which are much older: see Dead Sea scrolls.</ref> however approximately one-third of it, including nearly all of the Torah, has been missing since 1947. It is considered the most authoritative document in the masorah ("transmission"), the tradition by which the Hebrew Scriptures have been preserved from generation to generation.[2] Surviving examples of responsa literature show The consonants in the Aleppo Codex to have been consulted codex were copied by far-flung Jewish scholars throughout the Middle Agesscribe Shlomo ben Buya'a in Israel circa 920. The text was then verified, vocalized, and modern studies have shown it to be provided with Masoretic notes by Aaron ben Asher. Ben-Asher was the last and most accurate representation prominent member of the Ben-Asher dynasty of Masoretic principles to be found in any extant manuscriptgrammarians from Tiberias, containing very few errors among which shaped the millions most accurate version of orthographic details that make up the Masoretic textMasorah and, therefore, the Hebrew Bible. Thus, the Aleppo Codex is seen as the most authoritative source document for both the original biblical text and its vocalization (cantillation) as it has been proven to have been the most faithful to the Masoretic principles. The consonants in responsa literature show the codex were copied Aleppo Codex to have been consulted by Jewish scholars throughout the scribe Shlomo ben Buya'a Middle Ages in Israel circa 920many geographically remote locations. The text was then verifiedRambam (1135-1204) used the Aleppo Codex when he set down the exact rules for writing scrolls of the Torah, Hilkhot Sefer Torah ("the Laws of the Torah Scroll") in his Mishneh Torah. This halachic ruling gave the Aleppo Codex essentially supreme textual authority, vocalizedeven though Maimonides only quoted it for paragraphing and other details of formatting, and provided with Masoretic notes by Aaron ben Ashernot for the text itself. Ben-Asher "The codex which we used in these works is the codex known in Egypt, which includes 24 books, which was in Jerusalem," he wrote. Even modern scholars have analyzed the last Aleppo Codex and found it to be the most prominent member accurate representation of the Ben-Asher dynasty of grammarians from Tiberias''Masoretic'' principles to be found in any extant manuscript. ==Leningrad Codex== The Leningrad Codex, which shaped dates to approximately the most accurate version of same time as the Masorah and, thereforeAleppo codex, has been claimed to be a product of the Hebrew BibleBen-Asher scriptorium. Its colophon says that it was corrected from manuscripts written by Ben-Asher; but it is not known if Ben-Asher himself ever saw it.
The Aleppo Codex was the manuscript used by the rabbi and scholar Maimonides (1135-1204) when he set down the exact rules for writing scrolls of the Torah, Hilkhot Sefer Torah ("the Laws of the Torah Scroll") in his Mishneh Torah.[4] This halachic ruling gave the Aleppo Codex what is for Jews the seal of supreme textual authority, even though Maimonides only quoted it for paragraphing and other details of formatting, and not for the text itself (see discussion). "The codex which we used in these works is the codex known in Egypt, which includes 24 books, which was in Jerusalem," he wrote.==Qumran Fragments==
The Leningrad Codexdiscovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran, dating from c.150 BC–AD 75, show numerous small variations in orthography, both as against the later Masoretic text, and between each other. However, despite these variations, which dates to approximately most of the same time Qumran fragments can be classified as being closer to the Aleppo codex, Masoretic text than to any other text group that has been claimed survived. According to Shiffman, 60% can be classed as being of proto-Masoretic type, and a product further 20% Qumran style with bases in proto-Masoretic texts, compared to 5% proto-Samaritan type, 5% Septuagintal type, and 10% non-aligned.<ref>Shiffman, ''Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls''</ref> Furthermore, according to Haas, most of the texts which vary from the Masoretic type, including four of the Ben-Asher scriptoriumSeptuagint type manuscript fragments, were found in Cave 4. "This is the cave where the texts were not preserved carefully in jars. HoweverIt is conjectured, its own colophon says only that it cave 4 was corrected from manuscripts written by Ben-Asher; there is no evidence a geniza for the depositing of texts that Ben-Asher himself ever saw itwere damaged or had textual errors."<ref>Gretchen Haas</ref>
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/9597 חומש מקראות גדולות בראשית]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/9596 חומש מקראות גדולות שמות]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/9754 חומש מקראות גדולות ויקרא]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/14084 חומש מקראות גדולות במדבר]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/9617 חומש מקראות גדולות דברים]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/14020 מקראות גדולות - בראשית]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/14084 מקראות גדולות - במדבר]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/14085 מקראות גדולות - דברים]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/14264 מקראות גדולות - יהושע]* מקראות גדולות - שופטים]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/14258 מקראות גדולות - שמואל]
* [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/14263 מקראות גדולות - מלכים]
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