Radbam: /* Formation of the party */ shifted confusing close-parantheses

2007-09-24T14:50:58Z

‎Formation of the party: shifted confusing close-parantheses

Radbam: /* Formation of the party */ shifted confusing close-parantheses

2007-09-24T14:50:58Z

‎Formation of the party: shifted confusing close-parantheses

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{{distinguish|Union for Traditional Judaism}}
'''United Torah Judaism''' ({{lang-he|יהדות התורה המאוחדת}}, ''Yahadut HaTorah HaMeukhedet'') (UTJ) is an alliance of [[Degel HaTorah]] and [[Agudat Israel]], two small [[Israel]]i [[Haredi Judaism|ultra-orthodox]] [[Politics of Israel|political parties]] in the [[Knesset]]. It was first formed in [[1992]].

The two parties have not always agreed with each other about policy matters, however, over the years they have co-operated and united as a [[voting bloc]] in order to win the maximum number of seats in the [[Knesset]] since many extra votes can be wasted if certain thresholds are not attained under Israel's [[proportional representation]] parliamentary system.

When it joined [[Ariel Sharon]]'s coalition in 2004 it split into its two constituent factions of [[Degel HaTorah]] and [[Agudat Israel]].

Before the [[Israeli legislative election, 2006|2006 election]] Degel HaTorah and Agudat Israel agreed to revive their alliance under the banner of United Torah Judaism in order not to waste votes by combining all votes that would be cast for them cumulatively rather than as separate parties in order to have maximum representation in the 17th Knesset.

==Ideology==
==Formation of the party==

UTJ was always a coalition of two factions:
*The [[Degel HaTorah]] ("Banner [of] the [[Torah]]") party that is guided by the [[rabbi]]nic heads (usually the leading [[rosh yeshiva]]s ("deans") of the [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian]] [[yeshiva]]s) of non-Hasidic [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] [[Jew]]s.
*The [[Agudat Israel]] ("Union [of] Israel") party that is guided by the followers of [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidism]] in Israel, and also consisting of [[Ashkenazi Jews]]. The leading members of this party are the followers of the [[Ger (Hasidic dynasty)|Ger]], [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Vizhnitz]], [[Boston (Hasidic dynasty)|Boston]] and [[Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)|Sadigura]] Hasidim.

''Degel HaTorah'''s pre-eminent sages and guides are presently Rabbis [[Yosef Shalom Eliashiv]] and [[Aharon Shteinman]], both well into their nineties. Rabbi Eliashiv lives in [[Jerusalem]] and Rabbi Shtainman is in [[Bnei Brak]]. Policy decisions are also weighed and decided by a ''[[Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah]]'' ("Council of Torah Sages"), a council of experienced communal rabbis, made up of mostly senior and elderly [[Rosh yeshiva|heads of yeshivas]] all very learned in [[Talmud]], devoted to [[halakha]] (classical Jewish law), and guided by their knowledge and application of the classical "Code of Jewish Law", the [[Shulkhan Arukh]].

The ''Agudat Yisrael'' faction takes its directions from the Hasidic [[rebbe]]s of [[Ger (Hasidic dynasty)|Ger]], [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Vizhnitz]], [[Boston (Hasidic dynasty)|Boston]] and [[Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)|Sadigura]] also steeped in [[Torah]] law and [[Kabbalah|mysticism]], who exert much influence in the daily lives of their followers (the "Hasidim"). The [[Belz (Hasidic dynasty)|Belz]] rebbe, a prominent political and religious figure in his own right, is also closely involved in Agudat policy-making, and his followers are loyal UTJ supporters, though inter-party politics resulted in Belz failing to get any of their representatives into a high position on the UTJ list in the 2006 Knesset elections, and consequently, resulting in a faction with no Belz members present, for the second Knesset in a row.

Before the formation of UTJ and the establishment of ''Degel HaTorah'', the two factions were united under one united ''Agudat Yisrael'' party, but the late mentor and supreme guide of the non-Hasidic group, Rabbi [[Elazar Shach]] (1898-2001) decided to break away from the Hasidic wing when it was clear that the party was too strongly controlled by Hasidic groups whom he considered not up to his standing. At that point he split from them, and created the ''Degel HaTorah'' party for the "[[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian]]" Haredi Jews (also known as "[[Mitnagdim]]" by some). He chose the name ''Degel HaTorah'' meaning "Flag [of] The Torah" to be a contrast to the well-known [[flag of Israel]] and its connection with the secular-dominated [[State of Israel]] (an "anti-Torah" entity in his opinion). Rabbi Shach was known as an outspoken critic of the secular Israeli way of life.

The UTJ party also had considerable influence on the Israeli [[Sephardi Jews]]' [[Shas]] party. In fact, the Shas party was founded by Rabbi Shach at an earlier juncture when he was previously also frustrated with the policies of the Hasidic rebbes, so he turned to the Sephardic Jews, and urged his own Ashkenazi followers at that time, to vote for the new Shas party, which they did in record numbers. Later, Shas broke with Rabbi Schach as it adopted its own independent political stance under Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]]. Yet, Shas always "looks over its shoulder" to see what the Ashkenazi Haredi parties are up to, and usually goes in the same direction as it has similar needs and interests within the state.

==2004 split==
In January 2004, the party split back into its two factions following a disagreement over how to join [[Ariel Sharon]]'s coalition, which had been negotiated by Rabbi Eliashiv. Rabbi Eliashiv wanted the five MKs to have a three-month "waiting period" before accepting jobs in the government. Rabbi [[Yaakov Aryeh Alter]], the Gerrer rebbe, however, thought that all Agudat members should accept positions immediately. The Agudat MKs argued that they should be entitled to follow their own rabbis' ruling, while their Degel HaTorah counterparts accused them of disrespecting Rabbi Eliashiv. The Agudah faction proceeded to follow the rebbe of Ger's instructions, with MK [[Yaakov Litzman]] accepting the position as chairman of the Knesset Finance Committee. This infuriated Degel HaTorah and its leaders, and in response they left the party, dissolving a twelve-year-old partnership.

==Reunification as a party==
In December 2005, there was a meeting between representatives of the two factions, presumably to smooth over the ill-feelings of the previous year and to attempt to regroup before the [[Israeli legislative election, 2006|March 2006 elections]]. A number of issues were worked out, such as Degel HaTorah's insistence on the joint list being equally divided between the two parties. (In the past, Agudat Israel has received slightly more votes than Degel HaTorah.) Degel HaTorah has reorganized itself. It has a fully equipped modern party office on Hamabit Street 10 in Jerusalem's Geulah neighborhood. It conducted a party convention, its first in 15 years, in December 2005.

==2006 unity==
[[Image:Yahadut Hatorah ballot.jpg|thumb|right|UTJ ballot used in the [[Israeli legislative election, 2006|2006 elections]] readsing "Torah Judaism and the [[Shabbat]] Agudat Israel - Degel HaTorah"]]

In early February 2006 Agudat Israel and Degel HaTorah agreed to run together as United Torah Judaism, despite the fact that the contentious "sixth seat" issue remained undecided. The two groups finally compromised by proposing dividing the sixth seat between two representatives on a rotating schedule, (as was done in the last Knesset between the [[Belz (Hasidic dynasty)|Belz]] and [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Vizhnitz]] communities for the fifth seat).<ref> [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1139395370572&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull Degel, Aguda on verge of reuniting] Jerusalem Post, 9 February 2006</ref><ref name="DvD">, [http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5766/yisro/autjysr66.htm United Torah Jewry and Shabbos — Agudas Yisroel- Degel HaTorah Submits Joint Knesset List] Dei'ah veDibur, 15 February 2006</ref> This solution seemed to mollify the respective groups and paved the way for the re-establishment of a joint list for the [[Israeli legislative election, 2006|2006 elections]], although the Belz court was reportedly irked that once again, it was being asked to sacrifice part of its representation.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=680571&contrassID=1 NRP, National Union agree on merged Knesset list] Haaretz, 9 February 2006</ref>

UTJ MKs told reporters that any decision to join future government coalitions will be dependent on achieving two "central posts" to be split between Agudah and Degel. Similarly, in order to avoid the problems that led to the 2004 split, disagreements about joining a coalition will not be determined by a majority vote of MKs, but rather taken to the party's rabbinic leaders.<ref name="DvD" />

Various media interviews with the party's Knesset members confirmed that it would strongly consider joining a coalition with the [[Ehud Olmert]]-led [[Kadima]] party should it be offered to them after the elections.<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=100669 Hareidi UTJ Party Hints: We Will Join Kadima Government] Arutz Sheva, 23 March 2006</ref>. In March 2006, the rabbinical leaders of UTJ, including Rabbi [[Yosef Shalom Eliashiv]], issued public declarations urging the Haredi public to vote for the party's list. In the election the party increased its mandate by one to six seats. Presently the party is represented more by the Agudah faction, as the sixth seat is being held by Yaakov Cohen, the longtime dean of a Ger yeshiva, bringing the ratio of the faction 4-2 Agudah. This marks the second time since the coalition's founding that Ger has secured two simultaneous MK positions in UTJ, and could indicate an increase the court's clout and influence.

==See also==
*[[Agudath Israel of America]]
*[[Schisms among the Jews#Hasidim and Mitnagdim|Hasidim and Mitnagdim]]
*[[World Agudath Israel]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.gimel2006.com Official site]
*[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1132475665176&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull| "Meeting paves way to Haredi unity"- Jerusalem Post, December 1, 2005]
*[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/655785.html| "Degel Hatorah plans first convention in 15 years"- Yair Ettinger, Ha'aretz, December 9, 2005]

{{Israeli political parties}}
{{OrthodoxJudaism}}

[[Category:Ashkenazi Jews topics]]
[[Category:Haredi Judaism in Israel]]
[[Category:Orthodox Jewish political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties in Israel]]

[[es:Yahadut Hatorah]]
[[fr:Yahadut Hatorah]]
[[he:יהדות התורה]]
[[nl:Verenigd Thora-jodendom]]
[[pl:Partia Tory]]
[[sv:Torahpartiet]]

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United Torah Judaism - Revision history

Radbam: /* Formation of the party */ shifted confusing close-parantheses

Radbam: /* Formation of the party */ shifted confusing close-parantheses