Israel and Humanity - Introduction

INTRODUCTION

Chapter I

Everyone agrees that we are in a great religious crisis, but we do not notice that it also generally comes in three aspects. Indeed, the conflict between religion and science is in the acute stage and which, therefore, more attention is paid, plus the religious antagonism between them and the work of developments taking place simultaneously within each church.

The struggle between religions began with Christianity. Before he proclaim the one God and one faith for all humanity, each people had its particular gods and recognized the legitimacy of empire foreign deities other countries, far from seeking to supplant the worship as false and impious, he believed that the duty of every nation was to worship the gods who presided over its destinies. With Christianity however, and this is his greatest claim to fame, there is only one religion that can provide salvation and every other religion is sacrilege.

But if the need for religious unity was understood by all, the agreement was not yet on the choice of the true religion. Having triumphed over the ancient paganism, Christianity has not been able to convert to his beliefs all the members of the human family. We are not talking about the great religions of the East and the pagan religions which still exist in other parts of the world. Although the number of <ref> Page 3 </ ref> members far exceeds that of all Christian churches together, there is no doubt that they have long been in full decline and that their influence is nil or very limited, it is not to them that the future belongs. The religions that count are those from Judaism, we say not, as is usually done, from the Bible, because they really come out of Judaism as a whole, the Bible and tradition, and because their vitality, their present and their future activity as dependent on what they owe to the tradition than what they owe to the Bible, perhaps even more. Unfortunately the girls from the same mother are far from agreeing, and thus, the antagonism between modern civilization and religion is added that of religion between them.

At least, peace reigned does in each of these different religions? Not at all. Various trends are working constantly to disrupt the internal harmony of the churches. Wherever an external authority does not silence the voices, the differences are manifested in broad daylight, they were freely their professions of faith whose number continues to grow. Such is the spirit of division on religious matters that has come to be regarded as the only possible solution without any dogmatic belief, namely that they made a pledge of concord that is precisely the clearest evidence of disunity and fragmentation spiritual.

In the same church where authority is opposed to any veleité independence, unity is apparent. Or are silent, we take refuge in ambiguity, we submit, but in reality there is no consensus. It also happens that the proclamation of new dogmas grows out of the Church of men who were once again the most dedicated members. And these new doctrines themselves, as they are, if not changes? Changes spent by the supreme authority and submitted by it as simple definitions, but nevertheless reveal the profound changes occurring in the statement of beliefs, with the peculiarity that the official bodies which proclaim these doctrines attest innovations , even as they claim ensure the immutability of faith. Thus the internal crisis of Churches completes complicate the other two conflicts.

But basically, we have said, there is a single crisis, which is nothing but the struggle between faith and <ref> Page 4 </ ref> reason is that it, trying to judge the world and society, is grappling with traditional beliefs, whether it starts to look in the light of historical criticism, exegesis and science, the claims various conflicting religions, or finally that by working within each church, it causes the free inquiry and, unable to be content with old forms, pushes the mind to seek new ones that allow him to reconcile with the faith.

Chapter II

The crisis once observed, one wonders what the outcome will be. The break has long begun between heaven and earth, the religious ideal and historical reality, will she ever consumed? The age-old struggle between rival forms that the Jewish religion has assumed he has a purely negative result and human reason should she decide their common downfall? In other words we see on the eve of Jewish monotheism convinced of powerlessness in its three forms, Jewish, Christian and Muslim, and swept from the face of the earth as polytheism has been there nineteen centuries? And this assumption is checking that will there be in its place? Will this rationalism? This is not the place to discuss in depth the possibility of this substitution. We wrote about the lack of pure rationalism religion as many pages erudite. It was shown rightly that it can never be the religion of many and is unable to meet the needs of the human heart. But a closer examination we would find no difficulty arguments more serious, more philosophical, more profound.

It would in effect that religion, adoration and worship of the Absolute, can not be a simple product of the human mind, its role being to satisfy the reason, to open unknown horizons and introduce him to a life superior must, for the expression of the total truth, it embraces not only the whole of intelligible things, but this mysterious aspect of eternal existence that surpasses and always surpass our senses and faculties, ie it must be revealed. We should see that any religion rationalist necessarily changing as <ref> Page 5 </ ref> the same reason she made it, is an impossibility, as the worship involves the unshakeable belief that his object is immutable truth, without which this Worship is a quite temporary and it is somewhat hard to imagine mankind prostrate before an altar that would be certain to see reversed tomorrow.

Let there be no mistake, however, our thoughts, we do not mean that revelation, once admitted, the human spirit is forever stopped in his walk and he did not have to study more or the need for this revelation is the meaning and scope that it must be attributed, and that it has to also consider the value of securities and the various revelations claiming his religious affiliation. We affirm that only within a revealed religion, the human mind believes worship absolute truth, while it is the essence of a rationalist religion does not allow this kind of confidence and not to offer his followers as temporary shelters. The story is there, elsewhere to prove that all the tests purely rationalistic cults have sunk into impotence and absurdity and necessity of revealed religion is based on both the man naturc that of God.

Will we have a new Sinai? A new law will come to us does, the sky? There is no one who waits on that side is the salvation of humanity. Those who believe in the old revelations do not think they can not hope for a new infidelity and those who want to see that legends can not now admit the possibility of what they deny in the past. On the other hand, independent thinkers, while acknowledging the principle and necessity of a Revelation, are far below those considered to be a simple way of miraculous phenomenon detached from life, the historical development of humanity, unconnected with the psychological organization of human nature. They understand that revelation, if it exists can only be one, as the other disclosure material that is nature and it must be like this, immutable. They know it is finally possible at the beginning of mankind, as a special faculty, spontaneity, working at these early ages, in religion as in all branches of human activity ceases Then, never to return, when the spiritual and material life is finally drawn on this basis. The only traces of this primitive faculty, last light of a torch is extinguished, <ref> Page 6 </ ref> We appear later, at very rare intervals, from these beings who share in the state adult humanity, seem to retain the privileges of his childhood, or from the top spot where their exceptional engineering, are looming on the distant horizon the dawn of new creations.

So if there is no revelation to wait in our time, if we must rely on either Judaism or Christianity to Islam or, if reason alone is incapable of creating a cult which sustainable will be the religious future of humanity? Happens it any religion? We would be surprised that he met him a few serious minds capable of admitting the possibility of such a solution and believe the final.

Whether we have faith, whether we do want to see religious beliefs a disappointing illusion, because anyone would dream of denying this powerful instinct that grows every thinking to worship something higher. How then does one succeed to satisfy this instinct, one of the strongest and unquestionably, according to the direction they print, one of the most prolific of our species? The human race would he ondamné in the function of his most sublime spiritual constitution, a thirst unsatisfied and nature could not bear it the most perfect of his creatures for the imposition of a shocking contradiction in any other of his works offers any examples? And what will the fate of man and mutilated? what will become of all social institutions that have at their core a principle provided by the Science par excellence, it is called metaphysics or religion? It has very rightly said that metaphysics is that of theology in a short dress and she will not keep long citizenship, after the religion itself has been finally dismissed. The trouble is that the law, justice, moral beauty, virtue, freedom, heroism, sacrifice is not something other than metaphysics in practice we do not see really how such concepts can still be preserved, dried up when we have the only source.

Surely everyone does not see immediately the final result of a principle laid. The company has such a force of inertia it is always more or less time for the changes wrought by the ideas she finally agrees to appear in their full extent, but logic always takes the long consequences of the premises . Even now some free <ref> Page 7 </ ref> thinkers boldly took their party to see the moral metaphysics disappear and give way to self-interest as the sole rule of conduct. So inevitably linked together negations, precipitating men without religion to the edge of an abyss from which the eye back terrified.

We therefore wondered where to turn mankind when it has dismissed as obsolete all traditional religions and that, nevertheless, the need for religion will more and more urgently felt. To resolve this problem a double research is needed and we now invite our readers.

Chapter III

All religions, that free thought proclaimed today fallen, they have proven a perfect manner, and secondly, is this good world religions as they exercised their action in the story? In no case of Christine and Islamism, it is not doubtful. These two religions who for almost two versions of the same original, the Judaism, since both of them claimed realize the true religion of Israel, it seems that it is his turn, and thereby doubly convinced of impotence. Not so, however. If Christianity and Islam have given the world everything that they were likely to bring, we can not say as translated by the Jews themselves as the most complete and the most defective. We do not claim that Judaism has mostly never been proven in the aspect of universal religion. But Judaism is a religion universal?

To answer this question for a truly unique in religious history, however, too little known and that our modest efforts tend to emphasize: that Judaism gave birth to two powerful religions as they arise, have aspired to nothing less than to convert the entire human race. Can it be argued that this common trend in Christianity and Islam is strange to the Jewish religion, mother of one and other? So where have they drawn the principle unknown to antiquity and contrary to its genius? Is this the philosophers? Everyone knows that the founders of these two religions <ref> Page 8 </ ref> have not tried with them their inspiration. Could it be that they possessed as a property they own would be beholden to anyone? But in this case we do not see how, with entirely new aspirations, they might have to give the true representatives for the legitimate heirs of Judaism, solemnly declare, as they were one and the other that their role was limited to its promise. It need hardly add that, in the life of Jesus like that of Mohammed, opposed the assumption of an original design standing out from the common fund. Besides the genius itself needs an appropriate culture and favorable circumstances to rise to such heights and if the first idea of universal empire of souls had not existed in Israel, it is vain men, however great they were, would have preached, they would have found neither apostles to spread their doctrines, nor faithful to kiss. We can not say that this principle, ill-defined at the beginning, gradually clarified as all new designs, after a long period of change, because to speak only of Christianity, which Islam later n has only followed the example, it is certain that his proselytizing zeal led him away to the Gentiles as well as to the Israelites.

If Judaism had been a purely national worship of polytheistic nations like those that at least we have said, did not exclude rival gods, he could have given birth to two religious aspirations really universal. But it is even more absurd to suppose that his belief in one God, he could ignore the fate of humanity, so that Jesus and Mohammed were forced to look elsewhere than at home the idea of a single religion for all men. For if one can admit that a local god to become long, triumphing over its competitors, the universal God in the thought of her admirers, it is absurd to imagine a God who would have focused exclusively one nation irrevocably rejecting all other peoples.

But then we will say is, what that substitution of the Gentiles to Israel proclaimed by Christianity when he separated permanently from Judaism? Is it not the universal Christian faith and takes the place of the Jewish faith and nationally? No, it is the breaking of the association of two ideas that <ref> Page 9 </ ref> No, had never ceased to exist among Jews, ù, is the sacrifice of the latter to the former, it is revoked luaël cons, the people pillitre the benefit of the Gentiles who become désurnais, by their belief in Jesus, the only true people of God.

Some will object can be: So what do these two tendauces that divided the early Christians, while I wanted to retain the entire Jewish and 188 others proclaimed the complete abolition of the old one they worship "songoivent well, if Von admits the hypothesis that the idea of a universal religion was to mornentlà, first appeared in the Los porary world of religious nationalism on the contrary, these luttu seem inexplicable if the two concepts have coexisted before, But if a Pou lends little attention to the great fact that we will report it as easy C soak.

We were looking just hum if Judaism is a universal religion and we answered affirmatively. It is thus able to reality that the question should be asked. We had to ask yourself: Has the Judai ~ univergelle a religion? In this way of formulating the problem is that 80 PexPliration rained great phenomenon of religious PantiquitiS the key disputes in the early centuries of Christian Father, resolving the current crisis in the different "Bglim and, frankly the last hope of religious humainité. clest pa ~ And we Poutendious as we confess in hesitation responded that Judaism is my religion universal, for otherwise the facts we have immediately imposed a denial ulation. Pexception A dogma and memie any part, there is indeed nothing in the Mosaic legislation which unvienne a universal religion. Everything is Vempreinte partieuluisme of the most exclusive and just imagine Judaism embrausi have everyone working in and fullness of his life and bodies to convince us that it is not, worship money, for you "people. both practical impossibilities and anomalies appear so numerous and shocking. And who are always mistaken and deceived us that even so many minds in good faith regarding the true nature of Judaism and it even on the Jewish conception of the Deity, to the point that they "will see in religion Israel the worship purely national. But <ref> Page 10 </ ref> is easy for them to recover from their mistake in looking for us, as we call them, if Judaism lacks the elements of a universal religion. then he will recognize has in fact, it contains within it, as the flower cache the result, religion reserved for all mankind, and that the Mosaic legislation, apparently so inconsistent with this high destiny, that is bark or the outer casing.

For the conservation and establishment of this religion, Judaism has lived, he fought and suffered with it and through it he is called to triumph. Examine closely the great phenomenon, discover the relations that unite the national religion in Israel and the universal religion, show the action and reaction upon one another, as is largely the same about this book.

Chapter IV

We should point out here that the first constitution of a universal religion, ultimate goal of Judaism, required her overflow of rigor in its provisions particularistic. It is thought that the future of humanity and he was therefore necessarily s'isolât more of the current environment. As he foresaw that in the very distant future the realization of its aspirations, it was much better guard his flock against the dangers, weaknesses and surprises of a long and arduous journey, so that when the time comes, they were able to perform their duties with dignity. He had formed an ideal that all tended to undermine around him and he agreed so he wisely kept away from what could divert himself from the desired goal. In his secular career, he had come to Israel what happens to these superior minds who can not work well without raising some general discontent, or maintain in them the sacred flame of love for all people without avoiding some of distressing spectacle of their baseness.

And thus the world's most cosmopolitan city, the only one who brought up in antiquity to the sublime conception of one God and one humanity and which at all times and in all places, should have given the task of restoring the human family, was considered the most selfish, not only by former <ref> Page 11 </ ref> who have never understood its principles and its institutions, but also by most those who are studying history. That is, we repeat the fate of the true friends of humanity. Their distance from the crowd is treated misanthropy and we take pride in their respect for human dignity and for hatred of their disgust of all that is vile. But appearances can not deceive the impartial observer who has no difficulty in recognizing precisely in these alleged defects marks a great and noble passion.

In addition, if one looks closely at the Mosaic legislation which seems to raise between Israel and the human race an impassable barrier, we soon discover the reason for these particular laws more stringent and narrower than the goal was more sublime and distant too. The special worship of Israel was the safeguarding, through realization of the true universal religion or Noachism, to use the words of the rabbis, and we find Hence the explanation of everything that would otherwise remain incomprehensible doctrines, laws and history of the Jewish people. This also allows us to understand the coming of Christianity, this great fact of history that would otherwise be an effect without cause or, more exactly, the opposite effect to its cause, because of religion apparently the less cosmopolitan, less humanitarian, would come from the cult and the most universal doctrine that the world has ever seen. And to make the puzzle more insoluble still, it would be relying on the beliefs of Israel, claiming his prophets, by providing for the continuation of its traditions, Christianity has claimed dominion over souls and that he would have fought and won so many victories.

But no, everything is infinitely simple. This gave birth to Christian preaching, it is this faith in the universal religion that Jews believed contained the germ in their ancient doctrine and that they would one day establish a reign. It was she who gave the disciples of Jesus the conviction that the organs of a divine mission and the courage to continue till the end of the performance world. On this point there's agreement between Jews and Christians was unalterable. At the height of disputes on the concept of God and the Messiah, the question of the abolition of the immutability of the Act, while acrimonious quarrels and up to date produce this mission for centuries, never <ref> Page 12 </ ref> there were differences between them ideas on universal aspirations common to them, on the duty to evangelize the nations and bring them to worship the true God. Without that fundamental belief, familiar to some as the others, all is mystery and contradiction in the history of the early centuries of Christianity, and with it the contrary, everything becomes understandable and logical sequence of events.

Who, moreover, was never in doubt? Science, far from seeking to do only in the history of Judaism, Christianity. It may, during various periods of its development, allow such borrowing from foreign sources such influence in the formation of new dogmas, but on the very circumstances of his birth, we can not, by the confession of critics, found elsewhere in Judaism. The various Christian orthodoxies are equally unanimous on this point. For them, like independent science, Christianity is the rightful heir of the religion of Israel is his ideal that he sought to achieve, what are his promises to his vocation of the Gentiles wanted to achieve is the Messiah, the Messiah he claimed to bring nations. That is a fact on which everyone is inflectional endings.

Having thus stated our thoughts, let us now examine the questions we posed earlier, see if Judaism as religions from him, and has proven he has made as or with the universal religion. This is not the Mosaic, as a priestly law unique to Israel, we have to concern ourselves here. Certainly, no one will deny that this religion is a well proven and under what conditions truly extraordinary! His astonishing vitality, its inexhaustible vigor, strength resistance, first against the Jews themselves, people rebel if there ever was, and yet she managed to bend to the yoke to make a point people of martyrs and cons the world league in centuries to exterminate all gives us reason to believe that such a religion was a reason for being and a great goal, otherwise it would be foolish to talk again a philosophy of history. But it is the universal religion, whose Judaism guarding the sacred deposit, we must consider here more particularly to ascertain whether she really has given the world everything, from his principles, was entitled to expected.

The shortage and the phasing of various ancient and modern polytheistic prove nothing against the value that can also attribute to the future to the Jewish religion, as between it and the various pagan cults there is no point contact, the opposition is rather absolute and never a cult of this nature was presented as the legitimate successor of Judaism. The fall of polytheism even appears as the fulfillment of the promises of the Prophets, as a preparation of the Messianic kingdom that they have announced.

But in front of the two great religions which gave birth, the situation of Judaism is very different. They claimed both realize the ideals of the visionaries and Israel as neither one nor the other is not now agree with science nor with the modern consciousness, one might think that stopping conviction that the strike also involves the permanent incapacity of Judaism itself, so that would have made c'en biblical religions in all their aspects. Not only do these two forms of Jewish messianism have exhausted the Hebrew ideal, but it is generally assumed that they constituted a remarkable advance on him, once again demonstrated their failure would entail much less the inevitable downfall of the mother religion : because they were lower. We hope to establish in this book, if God helps us, what to think of this sentence. We just if Judaism has nothing to teach mankind has learned everything from him, but now some general remarks seem necessary.

And first of which is claimed to be the ideal Hebrew now convinced that claims of impotence? With some very rare and recent exceptions, no one knows what Judaism Christianity and Islam have made known, it is these two religions which have shown the world and it is from the image they have given that has sometimes found admirable, sometimes despicable. We can say that the image was accurate or doubt his loyalty. Always it is that Judaism is no time to come into immediate contact with humanity, but one <ref> Page 14 </ ref> period, albeit very remarkable, active proselytizing in the century that preceded the emergence of Christianity, he never had the opportunity to be directly in the world and to undertake itself, without more or less faithful through the realization of its true ideals.

In fact, the accuracy of the image that Christianity and Islam have given the messianism of Israel is nothing less than proven, it is not even likely. It should be recognized first and foremost a divine origin and the other one of these religions to recognize that Judaism has been achieved without alteration to the faithful of both Churches. Without a bright miracle that is indeed quite impossible. Imagine the Jewish Synagogue at the birth of Christianity, with its scriptures, traditions, and learned many schools and doctors who back through an unbroken chain of prophets until the Babylonian Captivity and even 's we must believe them, until Sinai. For centuries, they are studying night and day, spread and apply the doctrine of the Torah. A home suddenly appears his name is Jesus. Is a God? Is it a man? If it is God, everything is said, because he obviously knows more than all the doctors of all ages about the nature of true religion. But if Jesus was God, are we sure why the idea that one has in his Church of messianism, preached by him is that he had himself? To believe, would have the infallibility of the founder of Christianity had been given to its immediate successors and the successors of its successors until today, because those Jews ignorant to foreign centers of Jewish doctrine, such that we depict the apostles and men of the first generation of Christians could not, without any special assistance heavenly, maintain the ideal of Israel and accurately interpret without deviating ever. It is logical to assume, as is precisely the Roman Catholic Church, the most consistent of all Christian churches, a divine institution must remain protected from any mistake, that God does not merely talk, but he liked must ensure the preservation of its unchanging word. But let us beware. If this principle is true, we must begin by recognizing the Jewish himself, he must believe that the voice of Sinai could not fail to sound old-age and that God has guaranteed the Jewish religion that infallibility, this assistance <ref> Page 15 </ ref> supernatural than the Roman Church considers it necessary to assume today.

If instead nétait Jesus a man, as believed not only all the other religions and all the rationalists, but also Christian churches, so many of our days, for which the divinity of the hero of the Gospels has ceased to be a dogma, is it reasonable to assume that Christianity is holding the same judge blow Hebraism and that it was so perfectly understood and represented so faithfully over the centuries by the Christian religion that the fall it inevitably leads to disqualification from that which gave birth! What! no miracle without direct intervention of God, poorly educated young man can arrogate to himself the right to speak on behalf of a very ancient nation in full possession of its monuments and its scriptural traditions? Moreover, it can contradict its teachings made the most solemn and despite the protests of a people claiming to be his word? And know one is Iorsqu'il true nature of Judaism, common sense allows it to admit that the successors of innovative young, mostly of pagan origin, are preferred to the genuine representatives of the ancient religion? And if the world finally found, wrongly or rightly, that the progress of human intelligence in some respects surpassed the Christian ideal, is it fair to include that of Israel in the same sentence of condemnation? Surcharges for the Basic Fairness as simple logic, respect for truth and the interest of our future religious formally opposing such confusion.

What is this Judaism that believed to have a thorough knowledge and for centuries, so we do not learn anything new? This is a Hebraism secondhand, uncrowned, torn from the very source of life and displayed the most inexperienced and without any action gently and profoundly alter harmful prejudices, doctrines and civilizations that had nothing in common with him. Is not it more than doubtful that under such conditions the test realization of the Messianic Jew could be put into effect a complete and satisfactory? In truth, religion is only worth what it proclaims itself and not by what others preach in his name. It does not say is the Messiah foretold by the prophets of Israel must consider whether it was understood, <ref> Page 16 </ ref> properly interpreted and applied and taught mainly with scrupulous accuracy. The day come when humanity begins to realize that this alleged messianic unresponsive to the idea that it is formed of a divine institution, what should she do? Can not reject injustice, eyes closed, the true Judaism, under the pretext that he was once presented as making a religion that is now at odds with its most fundamental beliefs and his most cherished aspirations? No, indeed, her duty and its interest is to trace the sources and make direct knowledge of Jewish texts and traditions concerning the messianic kingdom, the promise of universal religion to all nations is to look up how developed the ideal of humanity, according to Judaism, Christianity </ i> true, was achieved by those who have assumed his titles, his rights and his mission.

If this independent review shows that the Christian religion has fully realized the messianism of Israel, will be the case that they condemn and reject the Bible as a source permanently exhausted. But if it is found instead, between Judaism and testing of universalization who made a difference as we can continue to believe in the inherent value of the Mosaic revelation and its messianic ideal, it is even possible to remain Christian in the broadest sense of the word, without abdicating the quality that a reasonable man and citizen, what unexpected happiness! what a prospect for the religious future of humanity! and therefore how guilty blindness to neglect the chance of salvation and condemn Judaism without ever having listened!

Chapter VI

It was to hear in the present crisis the voice of Israel, that this book was written. To achieve our goal, a double demonstration forced upon us because we address both the rationalists and messianists or Christians of various churches. At first, too willing to deny the character of Judaism while universalism, we prove that this religion is something other than a particularistic religion or national as those of antiquity offers us so many examples, it is at <ref> Page 17 </ ref> otherwise a striking exception and that this departure from the laws of history is in itself evidence in favor of revelation, ie the higher origin of the religion Israel and therefore its value and its special role in the destiny of mankind For the latter, we have to expose that Noachism, or universal Judaism has carefully preserved and has been the starting point and motivating power of Christian preaching in the world and we show them what the true Jewish conception of man, peoples and sniffed organized in a harmonious whole. Both the others can only gain from this study, they acknowledge, we have the firm hope that Judaism, in which humanity has already used once, it still provides an anchor of salvation.

There is no question that when a religious form has outlived its usefulness, is still the need to use it, however, seek to establish, on some uncharted terrain with some pre-existing seed, form which to succeed him. Religions called natural or purely rational profound lack of control over the human soul. There is a law of continuity which we can not escape and innovations are born viable only insofar as they have been thoroughly prepared in the previous institutions. Therefore, religion of the future must be based in any religion's positive and traditional vested with the mysterious prestige of antiquity. Now, of all ancient religions, Judaism is the only one that claims to possess a religious ideal for all humanity, and an exceptional privilege, he has already given birth to two great religions that currently share the civilized world and believe they have for the future. The transformation will make it all the easier and more natural it is actually the ideal that Christianity and Islam have sought to enforce. But their work is that copy shall be placed in front of the original, wherever it is found unfaithful, wherever it will sin either by excess or by default, everywhere that it is established that foreign ideas were able to penetrate, the notification will be required, of itself. This is not demolition, or religious revolution, reconstruction or new, there should be no tear or break in continuity, Christianity will always be what it claims to be the Messiah, only in All parts defective, it will be reformed. <ref> Page 18 </ ref>

Anyone concerned about the future of humanity dream for a religion which fully respects and needs of faith and basic principles of modern reason, but they also understand the need to link the religion of the past and maintain ancient beliefs in everything they have compatible with those principles. "It is natural," says Hartmann, that these efforts are related to traditional religions or because it would be a rash and now frustrated all over again, or because the idea of historical continuity <i> </ i> 's is imposed on the modern consciousness like a very invaluable and impossible to replace and as for the store, no concession should appear excessive eligible "<ref> <i> The Religion of the Future, trans. Translation. ed. Alcan, P. 9. </ I>. </ Ref>

But as the various attempts at reconciliation between reason, faith and civilization seem to pale ray of light shining on the horizon as soon as we turn toward the perfect Hebrew! Combinations artificial syntheses complicated one imagines, far from meeting the needs of mankind, appear rather as an indication of religious extreme exhaustion, everything is arbitrary, discontinuous, heterogeneous, without prestige or authority even consciousness those who invent these systems. With the Hebrew doctrine contrary to that form a perfectly homogeneous and presents with the two largest religions any existing affinity desirable, since it is undisputed the mother is the oldest religion that will become the newest, is the source of which has already sprung up as a new water jet fertilizing beneficial will come out.

And dailleurs opposite of Christianity and Islam, especially with his first period of nineteen centuries, its unbroken chain of apostles, fathers, doctors, with its majestic hierarchy, its alleged divine origin and infallibility, one must admit that any religion so reasonable, so philosophical, moral or whether she will always poor figure as its foundations would be based only on reason. To compete with these powerful worship, it must have something more than individual creations, more or less ingenious. A religion so ancient, it must be able to oppose another term for a more respectable again. Facing a long and venerable tradition and evidence of supernatural origin as they allege, it is to produce a <ref> Page 19 </ ref> Another tradition most ancient and most noble titles and more truly divine. Finally, to replace an authority which declares infailible and only formed a year of the Christian era one of the Hegira in inflicting, by a singular contradiction, a contradiction to the very principle which it claims, it must find another more serious infallibility which began with the history of man on earth, will end with him. However, we continue to call all those that concern the religious needs of mankind, there exists outside of Judaism, not in its ethnic party, but this is universal, another religion that is able to meet these conditions, without which nothing could be build solid and sustainable?

Chapter VII

And now we turn to the son of two major messianic, Christian and Muslim. It is for Christians in particular we should like to speak a frank and friendly God knows whether it is with fear in my heart that our advances are taken for hypocrisy. No! no impartial and reasonable man can not help but recognize and appreciate properly the high value of these two great religions and especially Christianity. There is no Jew worthy of the name who does not rejoice in the great change made by them in a world that once defiled so many mistakes and moral misery. We can not hear the names most August and most expensive of Judaism, the echoes of its sacred books, the memory of its major events, his hymns and his prophecies on the lips of so many millions of former pagans of every race meeting to worship the God of Israel and in churches, mosques, without being imbued with a genuine pride, gratitude and love for the God who has made such great miracles. As for us, we never got to hear on the lips of a priest the psalms of David without feeling them. Not reading certain passages in the Gospels did not leave us cold, simplicity, grandeur, infinite tenderness that breathes these pages we upset the depths of the soul, and tears flowed involuntarily from our eyes and we should have been easily won by the charm <ref> Page 20 </ ref> this book, because if we had not partuculière triumph of grace itself and if we had been long familiar with these emotions through the writings of our dooteurs , especially by the Haggadah which the Gospel has posted a flyer and, with him and without him, has conquered and will conquer the world as Renan said.

We then abandon the more freely to these sweet impressions we were conscious of entering a field that belongs to us, and enjoy our own benefit and detriment of more Jewish than we pay more justice to Christianity. Bt we used to say: never mind, that human passions are conjured up here as everywhere to do their wicked work! matter between Jews and Christians hate and prejudices, weaknesses and crimes have dug an abyss of separation! the two religions themselves are and will remain sisters. Beliefs and aspirations of the soul does not know these repulsions and blind if they jump back and united in solidarity, no power on earth could separate them permanently, on the contrary, they will, when necessary, bringing the intelligence they themselves so that, in the serene contemplation of the historical truth and dogmatic, they recognize their original relationship, and an alliance reasonable recovering to work together to accomplish their intended major.

Why does this hope come true it not? Why Judaism and Christianity unites they not their efforts for the religious future of humanity? Why Christianity would find it difficulty to agree with that religion which he comes, he recognizes the fundamental truth and who has, to a greater degree than him, all the qualities he is so proud: antiquity , historical continuity, authority and vitality? He disdains to stoop to transactions with the spirit of the century, he makes a point of honor not to yield to the demands of human wisdom, this is understandable. But what would be humiliating for him to condescend to frank explanations with Judaism in order to correct doctrinal errors and to dispel misunderstandings fatal? The Catholic Church Is she has not done many times to obscure heretics honor to discuss with them in its councils? And if those discussions with religion-mother could leave a Christian <ref> Page 21 </ ref> which would retain its character of divine authority, nay? a more orthodox Christianity he would have tempered in an orthodoxy older than him, but who would meet, as we firmly believe that most Christian churches today, the needs of mind and that would be better able to deal the perils of the future, what happy omen could not be inconceivable for humanity! How simple solution qu'addmirable the great religious problem!

If we speak specifically of Christianity is that it represents a considerable part of humanity. Professed by the most civilized nations, it is one of the most scientific religion. It was the first to want to embody among the Gentiles the prophets and it still tends to spread more and more. So to him belongs the honor of the main test of universal religion, as it is also the responsibility of failure.

Chapter VIII

But we-you one objected Christianity is so far from wanting to find strength and light in the ancient Hebrew religion, it does not recognize it even more than the right to exist. Did he not make it as a principle, from the earliest centuries, the abolition of the Act? Had he not begun by a decision before the condemnation and forfeiture of Israel? This is unfortunately only too true. So we believe that this is precisely the first point to clarify.

We defer the thought in the early days of Christianity to redo brief history. For reasons too numerous to explain, there was at that time, the question of law, that two trends present. The oldest is the one who wanted to make the Mosaic Law binding on Gentiles as well as for Jews from birth. The other, later date, and eventually prevailed, in proclaiming the abolition alike for some and for others. The dominant idea in one as in the other of these opposing tendencies, was that Judaism was to give the world a universal religion, whether the particular law of the Jews had to apply to all, whether we had to be drawn from this status is abolished as a whole new <ref> Page 22 </ ref> common law for Jews and Gentiles. There was agreement on both sides to recognize that there should exist no opposition between the old and the new religion, and Judaism and messianism that sum were one and the same religion. There were good between these two extremes is a medium-term trends suggested by Paul as transitory expedient which was to, temporarily tolerate the Jewish rites now devoid of any value and effectiveness, but it was so inconsistent and its duration was so short that it does not deserve that we stopped them more.

Of the two solutions mentioned above, it is therefore the abolition of the law for everyone who has emerged despite protests that it raised legitimate. To properly appreciate this fundamental fact, it should be studied in itself and in its consequences.

Let us ask first whether between Judaism and Christianity, between religion and ethnic Jewish worship of the Gentiles, between the Mosaic law and Noachism or universal, there was no possible union without one or other of these two solutions. The Hebrew thought she had not developed other normal relationship between the Mosaic and messianism? The first was he to become universal in messianic times, the property should he make room for the law known Noachide, applying to all men outside of Israel, when Jews themselves will now be found under? Neither one nor the other systems put forward by the two major schools of Jacques and Paul did not meet the ideal Hebrew. The Gentiles should not be required to observe the Mosaic law as Jacques would have wanted, and Paul was right in the fighting. The Jews should not abandon their religion as requested by Paul, and Jacques was right not to provide them point. These spirits, which does not exactly shone by their knowledge of Jewish doctrines, were therefore both wrong and right, respectively. They lacked both have more depth the true Hebrew conception of the Messianic kingdom.

What was this design? This book will establish, hopefully, a complete manner. For hébraïme, the world is like a big family where the father lives in immediate contact with his children who are the nations of the earth. Among these children, there is a firstborn, which according to ancient institutions, was the priest of the family, responsible for <ref> Page 23 </ ref> to execute the orders of the father and replace him in his absence. It was he who administered the sacred things, who officiated, teaching, blessing, and in recognition of these services, he received a double portion in his father's heritage and dedication, or imposition of hands, a sort of religious investiture as the father sometimes granted, in place of the first born, the son of the one he deemed most worthy. This is the Jewish conception of the world. In heaven one God, father of all men, and on earth a family of peoples among whom Israel is the firstborn, in charge of teaching and administering the true religion of humanity that it is the priest. This religion is the law of Noah, it is that mankind will embrace the days of the Messiah and Israel's mission to preserve and uphold its time. However, as a people priest, as a nation devoted to purely religious lives, Israel has special duties, special obligations are as a kind of monastic law, rule cloistered ecclesiastic constitution which remains personal due to his high office .

What was the line mapped out would have had to follow the first Christians? It was strictly adhere to the Jewish conception, the law of Moses for the Jews, the Noachism for the gentiles. Instead, what happened? Either because of ignorance of the apostles that it is recognized as being devoid of any culture or by the effect of the excitement of the passions, or finally that Noachism, who had never received any general application, was almost unknown, it is preached that the two extremes, that is to say one side, the simple deletion of the Mosaic law and the other, the submission of all this Act. It distinguishes only rarely, for example in two passages in the book of Acts (xv, 19,20 and XXI, 25), a faint trace the true Hebraic system through all the discussions and religious divisions that time.

This is not the place to discuss the theological point of the question of the general abolition of the Mosaic that prevailed in the Christian ideas, or study the negative consequences that resulted in Christianity itself in the suppression a ceremonial act that the party which is overcome only thought was quite inseparable from the moral and doctrinal. The sects, by their excesses, soon to scandalize the Church, the gross errors which fell in the popular faith <ref> Page 24 </ ref> discord that divided the Christian world and bloodied on the issue of faith and works, on the efficacy of grace and redemption, on free and slave-will, the obscurities that still present the tenets of Christianity are there to attest that it is permissible to men to be illogical, the laws of history have a logical rather than intrinsic and observances rituaéliques, morality and the teachings of the Bible were bound to fall at the same time.

It was also inevitable that Israel disappear in the number of nations and his priesthood with him. But if Judaism had taken seriously the conviction prononée, mankind would find today dried up the source from which Christianity came out, the tree that produced so much fruit, and sap the promised many others have been uprooted and it would be impossible now to verify the origin and quality of offspring which are claimed to assign. The world would now have to choose, with no other possible alternative, between Roman Catholicism, the most logical form of Christianity, and free thought.

We will deal later objections of rationalists who say that if Christianity has had its day, Judaism, which gave birth and where he was making a progress, is much stronger due date and that a form of Moreover, as Semitic religion, it is incompatible with the genius and the trends of Aryan. It is Christians that we address now and we implore them to consider seri-ously if Judaism had no reason not to, take out the sentence of condemnation conres brought him. A glaring contradiction is revealed in fact in discussions of the first centuries on the rejection of Israel. On the one hand, it is said that Christianity is based on Judaism and all the voices of the Church agree that these are the promises of the prophets which were fulfilled in Christianity and his plea. But what do the prophecies announced? What Israel goalkeeper messianism would, at his coming, considered by the Gentile converts as a priest of humanity and individuality as God's people would be more assured that the truth of his mission would be generally recognized.

On the other side argues that if the Gentiles have entered <ref> Page 25 </ ref> The Church is that SPW Jews forced to reject God and his predilections to transfer to a new Israel recruited from among the Gentiles. How petty idea of messianism! As if the kingdom of God that he would inaugurate could consist in the substitution of Israel to another Israel, a people preferred to another privileged people! As if on the contrary the messianic promises were not inextricably tied to the recognition of the Jewish priesthood!

No doubt the circumstances explain to some extent this error. Israel has refused to accede to new ideas and play a role in the universal religion that is organized, the appearance of the Messianic Jewish deprived of one of its two factors was completely altered and instead of humanity converted the voice of the people elected, we devised a new people of God replaced the old. But an opponent of Israel's refusal to advance Christian should at least have a glimpse of the new religion could not be fulfilled the conditions of the true Messiah. All Jews without exception so they could be wrong with the exception of twelve fishermen whose sale is complete ignorance? If so, the basis of all revelation and therefore also christimisme and catholicime would collapse irretrievably, because what good is a revelation, if God does not guarantee thereafter, conservation among those that he once made custodians and, if not practicing in the moral order that Providence which, despite the presence of destructive forces tends continually to maintain harmony in the order of nature? Indeed, belief in God's special assistance for the preservation of religious truth among the people to whom he confided, is confused, do not oubIier, with faith in Providence and in general human progress in particular.

Chapter IX

If we now consider Judaism as an institution, we still ask if he was right to insist on living his own life, although the proclaim irrevocably forfeited. The mere fact of having survived so long did he give no reason. Religions and nations live only if their existence has a purpose and life of Judaism during the nineteen <ref> Page 26 </ ref> centuries has been no less powerful or less active or less fertile than before. How to explain such a phenomenon, if that religion had no mission to fulfill? How to recognize in the universe, where there is nothing useless superfluity so amazing? We accept the explanation given by some Christian orthodoxy, that of a punishment inflicted on the Jews for their hardness? But it would offend the Providence and exposed to a denial that civilization thanks to God, do we undertake to impose. Prolong life only to prolong the suffering, that is unworthy of God as man.

We endorse the alternative hypothesis a little more humane, according to which Jews have been providentially preserved as witnesses to the truth of Christianity? The evidence would be insufficient because Israel's existence does not preclude a critical daring to question the great events in Jewish history that serves as the basis for the Christian religion and one wonders also if the final disappearance of the Jewish rebels would not be better prepared so-called Christian truths that their persistent opposition over the centuries. The miraculous preservation of Israel, like a sturdy tree that could not shoot the storms and winds which have spread over the entire surface of the earth fertilizing seed, remains an insoluble problem, as long as it s 'stubborn to declare his religion exhausted and no future. But if religions who wanted to supplant is far from meeting the aspirations of modern times, is it certain that Judaism contains nothing more satisfying? Do we not see that it is contrary to all laws of history that this religion, so radically different from paganism, spent a whole and in all its purity in Christian worship, which replaced polytheism in the Graeco-Roman and pagan birth may have not only assimilated completely the full Hebrew ideal, but even surpass it? This is also contrary to the law that God, according to the Christian, has triumphed in its communications, the human race and that it will meet the capacity of men and follows a progressive path in the development of the revelation , legislation that, at the very beginning of the Christian Church has ceased to regulate the conduct of the apostles, is in the position they took vis-à-vis Judaism, or in the teaching of the Christian mysteries to pagan converts. <ref> Page 27 </ ref>

By the very nature of things, if we take into account the inevitable progression in any historical, you Christianity, under conditions where it stood was to remain more or less inferior to Judaism and it is this one as the mother religion, that Christians should use to resolve their doubts and settle their doctrinal difficulties. There will indeed always more similarity between Judaism and early Christianity, than he can exist between it and the Christian religion as the centuries and thousand foreign influences have definitely established. In a word, we must carry on the same field dogmatic method of investigation that it is recognized as useful and so reasonable on the historic grounds and critical of interpreting Christianity to Judaism.

By comparing the present-day Christianity and Judaism as the Jews have preserved, we have to demonstrate the triple point of view of dogma, morality and social law, it is advantageous in the interest of humanity, that Judaism has survived the Court sentence which we wanted to hit him. And to do that now speak of dogma, it is necessary to underpin evidence many excellent Hebrew doctrine, since Christianity, far from denying the truths it contains, we have legitimate states inherited?

It is sometimes claimed, it is true that the Christian mysteries have made progress in the true knowledge of God. But whatever the reports that we imagine between these mysteries and teachings of the ancient Judaism, it is not going to assign to them any essential superiority. It merely states that the truths which existed in ancient Judaism were not generally known, but even when they have been the privilege of an elite, they would do no less today, after Christianity itself, the necessary criterion for judging the doctrines he proposes. As for those who talk of new revelation, do not they see that if the Christian mysteries were indeed a novelty, the whole economy of divine revelation would be upset? This would not be in fact a unique and perfect revelation emerging as the physical creation of the supreme intelligence of God, but rather piecemeal revelations, successive and therefore perfectible like institutions and the humanities. "Ref > Page 28 </ ref>

Thus, to be logical, Christianity itself, rather than regarded as the final religion of mankind, should be expected, within more or less distant, to be replaced by another. From the moment that the intention of fighting the Jews, we abandon the idea of a single revelation, which, without fundamental change, is developed through the ages, there remains only the hypothesis of religions supplanting each other in turn as long as the evolution of humanity. Stop at a given moment in history for the benefit of any religious form, this series of revelations, this is a system so inconsistent that it does not deserve serious consideration.

There exists another theory more just and which holds the middle between the idea of a single revelation of the revelations, but it does not serve, as one would like, the cause of abolition of the Act. This is the system of pre-existing germs, according to religious forms which succeed only develop more fully the principles and institutions contained in germ in the original revelation. So the fact that Christianity would improve what existed in Judaism, without that one is not obliged to seek its origin in the doctrines and practices of Eastern polytheism. But if the theory of religious evolution is true in itself, it is nonetheless inapplicable when it comes to relations between Christianity and Judaism. The Gospel records tell us indeed a revelation itself with real miracles, which, for a simple change, would be an extraordinary, out of all proportion to the purpose set in advance by divine wisdom. Moreover, this law of development can be intermittent, but a continuous movement which tends to develop gradually to what existed outside of a latent and it would be an insult to Providence than to require at every step in this relentless march of new miracles, as if the law once drawn could not receive its fulfillment. In addition, this system excludes a final stopping point at any time of the histoireau advantage of one of these steps that runs religious humanity. And especially we must renounce any notion of continuity or antagonism between the previous form and that which follows it as it exists naturally between too <ref> Page 29 </ ref> Christianity Current and Judaism. Will it be that this antagonism is due to the blindness of the Jews who did not want to recognize that Christianity was a natural evolution of Judaism, so they have persistently rejected the de-velopment legitimate their own religion? But it is really unacceptable that the Jewish people, having loaned without the slightest opposition to any changes prior to Christianity, should have been so completely resistant to the latter, there was in him to accept a tiny and obscure minority. It suffices to resume the comparison of pre-existing germ, which we support this theory, to see how such a supposition is absurd.

It is evident that the development of an organism can not be done in a manner consistent with its nature and the environment and using the circumstances in which it arose, that is to say in land, a climate and through influences and homogeneous culture, clean therefore encourage the development of its unique qualities. It would be supremely unreasonable to suggest that germs exist in Judaism could grow and grow among a few people whose ignorance of the people questioned by anyone nest and later in country and under the action foreign influences antagonistic to the religion of Israel. Finally, this system is not safe for Christian apologetics, to avoid a snag, in fact falls into another difficulty. For what does it do when the critical rationalist claims seek in Adatis religions, Buddhism, Brahmanism, Zoroastrianism, the origin of Christian beliefs and practices? It strongly emphasizes the presence Palestime at the time of Jesus, the same doctrine that prevailed then in the Church and concludes correctly that this is more than anywhere else we must first seek the root of Christianity. Is it instead of towards enhancing the value of Judaism to Christianity and jus-tify it? At the risk of contradicting himself, so, it is reported with satisfaction that characterize the differences and it is understood that at all points where it deviates from the Jewish faith, that all Israel is wrong and that only a dozen fishermen were illiterate in possession of the full truth Jew? We ask whether such an apology is not against any artificial greatly to the rules of logic and if n'ap <ref> Page 30 </ ref> not appear to unprejudiced minds that the religious structure that contains a student initial defect structure, which is reasonably doubt its soundness.

Chapter X

To escape the dreaded alternative sacrifice of reason to faith or to sacrifice the faith to reason, we must recognize that providentially preserved Judaism over the centuries has something to teach mankind. Between <i> Syllabus </ i> with its anathema to all achievements of civilization and the insatiable need of religious beliefs among the ravings of a proud reason left to itself and never met the aspirations of the human soul perpetually groping in doubt as if God does sétait not revealed, we believe there is only one solution and that to me the ancient Hebrew religion is able to provide it. This conviction has inspired the present work.

Two main lessons emerge, we hope our work. We argue, first, the allegations against the rationalistic criticism, that Judaism, far from being as it claims a purely ethnic religion, has a distinctly universalist and has ceased to deal of humanity and its destiny. On the other hand, we will establish how the ideal that has closed hébraïme human and social organization not only has never been surpassed, but that has not even been approached by far and that by accepting this ideal, reforming his Christianity on this model, that humanity can, without renouncing its most cherished principles, have reasonable faith in God and His revelation.

The problem to solve can be formulated as follows:

"Judaism, like all ancient religions, did not concern it that the people who professed either, unlike the example of all antiquity and a unique and wonderful exceptions, it embraced in its design, the human race whole? "

Which is to ask ourselves whether, apart from its particular purpose and immediate, Judaism has been designed and organized for the general interest. Before discussing our plan, saying first that it is easy to see something similar, either in <ref> Page 31 </ ref> the world of nations in which each nation has a special role to fill, or in society where every individual. (Contributed by his conduct personal prosperity for all, finally, in the physical universe in which each party is coordinated to the harmony of the whole. But every body contributes to the goal gcnèral the normal course of its qualities essential, every nation is working for his part in human progress in developing its own genius and the individual himself makes himself useful to society by serving his own interest intelligently. Here, however, we see an organization in the service another, a national religion constituted the guardian of another religion for all men and the special interest subject so completely to the universal Ezekiel has been said that God will rule by force on the Jewish asked to be <i> like all the people of the earth </ i>. There is, therefore, in the spiritual, a kind of expropriation for public utility. Finally, note that in the examples earlier, nations and individuals to contribute without knowing distant goal that nature goes on and through them, while Israel was fully aware of his divine mission and humanitarian. Without doubt, it has its own existence and interior, but it cooperates simultaneously to the universal life, it is the soul of souls, as God, in the words of Aristotle, is the thought of thought. Also, endowed with a special aptitude for the divine, a religious faculty which modern science increasingly recognizes as characteristic of the Semitic race, and especially of the Jewish race, this is subject to duties only rests only to itself and has a cult and practices to hieratic aspect, nay theurgical that meet the mysterious side of the universe. It sort of fills an essential function in general. His life, once again, is like that of the soul which resolves the life outside the body and absorbs and raises a degree that organic life by transforming the physical forces in intellectual powers. We then show that in Judaism universalism and particularism as a goal as a means have always coexisted and that is all the more marked that only a religion very concrete, very positive, very personal, could serve as a repository and body to a universal religion. It will be understood that Israel must withdraw more on itself, concentrating <ref> Page 32 </ ref> all the better to force that to achieve the goal to which he aspired, he had greater obstacles to overcome .

But even before we entered in the critical years between us rationalist estoppel in dispute pauthentiaité monuments Bible which we aPress and hold our demonstrations. We see now how important this issue in a thesis which tends to prove the universalist aspirations of Jadal, intuition he had consistently common destiny of humanity and the goal he has consistently pursued, which has was its root cause and the reason for its entire history. Rationalists They hold the Pu. They will compare their own interpretation which contradicts the findings parp6tuellement we intend to take ourselves (the Boritures, regardless of other ancient and sacred Paulhanticit6 of documends. They are trying to establish that exceptional ideas that we present as a feature of Judaism and which presuppose a reasonably original exception. tional too, must be born only in the monuments whose authority "can not be doubted, or less extreme. led to a much later period whenever Pauthonticité that the biblical writings can be contacted with any vraisknablancs. nêcemaire But it is not that we engage in a discussion of this issue was food authenticity, certainly very important, even decisive, when it comes to the dreamed. tion. se, does not attract the same capital, where? or intends to seek only the stuff of universal doctrines. Salistea we talked about. It is enough that Judaism, as finally constituted was qWil , ~ B-c1est dirua one Pon described as Orthodox custom, in fact have professed and constantly maintained in his teaching.

That is why we shall draw indiscriminately to sutures Bible, rabbinic or even kabbalistiqueB. As we strongly believe that Orthodox Judaism only in this state to meet the religious needs of humanity is to him that we shall look to see if, as he maintains lurontestablement aspirations of universal religion, it has got necessary means to achieve them. We will, however, re, during preference to sources whose legitimacy and antiquity can not be seriously challenged. Moreover, these ideas are so widespread, so common in all the monuments of antiquity <ref> Page 33 </ ref> Hebrew even if they believed in having to reject some as dating reality of a much more recently, this does not compromise in any F4 ~ is the final result which we aim. As to the different interpretations that modern llexégêu against us, we think we can say that nothing will be overlooked, blink the truth is emerging through the many difficulties she heaped center.

We propose in this book to seek transfer Universalist Hebraism,

First in the speculative domain, clestâ say in the idea that Judaism has emerged;

1.0 God and gods;

2 .- man

8.0 of nations;

4.0 of humanity and of the last year;

Secondly, in practice do mine, we mean that in the design Pon West made:

1 ~ O of the Act;

2.0 of the primitive revelation;

3.0 of revelation to the Gentiles;

4 .- the Jewish revelation itself, or in what respect the Mosaic laws themselves, or for all that concerns the laws of Noachides gentifitê.

The plan that we work ~ it & thus comprises three main divisions:

I. God

There. Man;

111. Act.

God and man ~ sailing las principles of Judaism, like any religion ~ means by which the relationship between Phommo appointing me and God, the Law revealed soft clest its dual aspect, Jewish and universal instrument, and is Israel; ~ ENFA order suprêmee EEST Pliumulté regeneration, the kingdom of God.

Chapter XI

Now try to understand even better the physiognomy of Judaism whose name just outlined, the lineaments. it is sufficient. gra why ~ pi tured for what it stands for two large <ref> Page 34 </ ref> rival religions, polytheism and Christianity, either in doctrine, "if in the form is Ira processes.

We can say that one of the most notable differences between Judaism polytheism is precisely ism completly alien to pay various cults and sousta rather special character and well-defined mission of the religion of Israel. Although similar in effect do in 16 Pagwa body, the, the idea of divinity was divided, broke up in piaffe. (I were gods everywhere local, national, household, individual gods of the various parts of the soul, its faculty, $ lock of passion, or even (different states of health or disease. The principle of This unificoution Cohn, innumerable design center point where everything came from and where everything should go, was completely lacking. There was something ana. logue to the divine without God in a certain school of modern philosophy is even the facts constituting consciousness, according to some psychologists, the whole consciousness, soffl that Y has a point, a cons, an indivisible me where all these facts lead, always a phenomenon without substance that sup. Ports acts as a subject which binds the event there are changes. This does not, however, it must be recognized, even in polytheism, Finfluance under certain circumstances, the dominant unit and the universalist idea there from time to resume his right.

It is not possible to enumerate here all the airlock, where, in our view, monotheism and universalism are emerging in the care of pagan worship. We should talk about their origins, whether general, local knows, the mysteries which kept their secret doctrine, special occasions where the deities of different nations come into contact were recognized as identical by their admirers, and finally the design, which occurs frequently in polytheistic myths, (the power above all gods. Always is vastly more than was the case everywhere in popular belief, and is the plurality and antagonism of some gods no desire to religious vanity.

The difference of form or process between Judaism and polytheism West as a result of glue that tied just mentioned in their respective merits. The idea of universal religion is foreign to its theology, polytheism and Wa could not have eaumit proselytizing. Not only is this notion that he read.

known, but it is even incompatible with his religious genius, for it was the duty of each nation, each country is each city, to remain faithful to its deities partieular. Moreover, we do not exaggerate or saying that if one goes to the bottom of things, it could even be soft cloth outward. ment issue in a pagan universal duty, or that emâception certainly implies that a single will, existing above all the local differences. national, a universal law, superior to the gods themselves and Immnant a source that dominates all equally. But all this shows clearly the one God, sovereign legislator whose empire setEnd everywhere and always, on all the gods and all nations, in a word monotheism and the essence of Hebraic doctrine. If the feeling of a devoir.commun is maintained at all among the heathen, it is only because the error can not. never completely obscure the truth and the nature im. poses the inevitable human necessities that can not trans-, Gresser impunity.

06T exclusive attachment of every people to, its gods ticulères bet was so general in the old world and seemed so natural Quil happens aurJuifs levecuumaître formoDemen4lorsqulils speak of the Gentiles, and to use their own language was so widely accepted IM: C as all the peoples walk, each in the name of his god, we walk, we, on behalf of 11Bternel our God for ever "('). Although this verse siguide may simply be that the loyalty shown by the Gentiles to their false gods was due to, let alone by the Israelites in the true God, it is nonetheless true that the fact that we are talking expressly declared therein.

It remains to say a word about the fundamental differences between form and at this particular point of view, Judaism christifflisme.

Without doubt the doctrine of a universal religion "finds much in one as in Wother, but they all differ. Times significantly in the way of design.

God in Judaism, is not only the Father of all men regarded each as an individual, but he is also, at the highest level, these agglomerations of individuals <ref> Page 35 </ ref > called nations and Phumanit6 in Good overall environment. templated as a vast organism, like a family whose various peoples are limbed. This last idea is not that Christianity is in 18 (mna plan; she apparalt year rather pale reflection of the biblical concepts as a living sense, fundamental and fruitful, as reflected in the monuments of Judaism in which if it Weffau point Fantre doctrine, it is the monks, especially in the Scriptures, a little sharper. In a word, prevails in the qt ~ hêbralme biblical nor is the idea of a universal God of nations , held out only in Christianity instead is that of a universal God of individuals. ne64nence ~ logic of universalist aspirations is in Judaism as in Christianity, a tendency to spread, to achieve in the History Funitê religion "is the substance of their dogmas, to get a ra 'st is the other Phumanitê to recognize that universality, Essentiality of their beliefs. But here again the two religions Wécutent considerably in processes. While aimed primarily at lejuddisme, the reason is rather the feeling that Christianity seeks to capture. The former tends to be not only a church made up of individuals earned his doctrine, but even this much Eglift communities, many na ~ hold that nature has formed, the second instead Pm has no other concern than to save souls, EEST-d-din of Individuals only.

the West not all. as applies to convince the human mind and, on the other hand. it is based on the basis of abiding or nationality who have invested in the world believes in a providential mission, proselytizing Jew has always been more ~ slow or less patient, sometimes passive, according to the acropolis not only freedom but also the individual spontaneity, preferring that the world came to him won by the sublimity of my doctrines, rather than seeking to himself convert. The attitude of Christianity is quite contrary. His only bui ~ is the salvation of souls requires it irretrievably lost as they could not accept her; lessons, all 868 efforts are therefore directed, not at ~ nquêrir not have the conviction, but àVemporter a "no coup when most appeal to sentiment. And as the instrument of propaganda has been, not a natural family hou indissoluble Elut-â ~ mean people in possession Deune <ref> Page 36 </ ref> history, my tradition, but without mingling with bare handful of past MRSA predetermined organization, without roots in the nation, impatience, passion, pressure, and too often even violence were the natural consequences of original sin and mi. rmtêres distinctive of Christian proselytizing.

These differences that separate so deeply Phébraïsme polytheism first, then Christianity itself, correspond to the double proof that we are pursuing in this book and double goal we propose to reach. The presence of the idea of universal religion in the j udaisme will reaaortir the special nature of faith that Israel completely distinguishes all beliefs of the ancient world and constitutes an exception in his favor so wonderful that for PAxpliquer, if this necessary to resort to a cause no less exceptional, as rationalist critics, is therefore in default when she. treprend deusujêtir to the same laws of evolution and polytheistic religions Phébraïsme: this is our first demo and one of the conclusions of this study. But it does not suffice to establish the existence of Jewish universalism, we still need convincing that it is tied to genuine, it avoids the faults of others, Christianity for example, and that could result It fulfills the conditions necessary to make it acceptable to modern society: it will be the second part of our task and the second goal which we hope to achieve.

That the free thinkers are well aware that a religion that meets the just demands of science and modern civilization is always the best of rationalism, not only philosophically, but especially in the practice of a life

And Christians can not forget that what can in these pages is Phébraïsme which Christianity was born and which they share beliefs and 168 hopes that the interests of PUR and both are well secured and that ultimately it will always be 10 Christianity, it is true journey into history on its first model, which SCRA religion of Gentiles!

And he will be able to Judaism itself. Reconciliation dreamed Pm early Christians as a condition of the Parousia or final coming of Jesus, the Jewish return to the bosom of IlEglise, without which the various Christian communions, which <ref> Page 37 </ ref> of s'efforeent working on their own way, to re s'ucordent. know that the Voeuvre r6demption remains incomplete're back, we say, eelfectuera not have, indeed, as was expected, but the only way s6rieuse read, logical, sustainable, and especially the only profitable way the human race. Bones will be meeting PHêbraïsme and religions that are derived and, in the words of the last Prophet of @, the seal of LEDs, such as doctors call Maluba, return the hearts of children àà their fathers. <ref> Page 38 </ ref>

References